![]() Fisher and Fisher found that less than 40% of 51Cr-labelled V 2 carcinoma cells were retained in a rabbit's popliteal node. Nodal involvement was suggested not to be an orderly contiguous extension, but rather a marker of distant disease. The Halstedian model with en bloc dissection as the guiding principle of cancer surgery lost ground when the systemic hypothesis was reintroduced in the 1960s. They found that tumour cell emboli are immediately trapped in the subcapsular sinus and do not spread to the next node for at least 3 weeks. Zeidman and Buss injected stained V 2 carcinoma cells into the afferent lymphatics of popliteal nodes in rabbits. Studying mesenteries of dogs and rabbits, Gilchrist saw no passage of carbon suspensions through any node after injections with varying pressures. To determine the barrier function of lymph nodes, several investigators injected inanimate particles or tumour cells into certain afferent lymphatics in animal models. The next logical step in the evolution of Virchow's theory was the introduction of the radical mastectomy by Halsted at the end of the nineteenth century. This important assumption led to the awareness that cancer could be cured at an early stage with adequate surgery, in contradiction to the Greek philosophy implying that cancer is the local manifestation of a systemic disease. Virchow, in the nineteenth century, formulated the theory that lymph nodes filter particulate matter from lymph. Numerous subsequent investigations elucidated the intricate lymphatic system. Bartholin was the first to notice the existence of a 'lymphatic' in 1653.
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